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第四章 Europe in the Middle Ages 中世纪的 (第2/42页)
campaigns, the chief of which were against the Lombards, the Saracens and the Saxons. When Desiderius, king of the Lombards, sought to obtain the succession for the children of Carloman, Charlemagne marched against him, seized all his possessions and placed on his own head the famous “Iron Crown of Lombardy”. Before leaving Italy he visited Rome and confirmed the donation made by his father to the Pope, of certain portions of Lombardy. This was the beginning of the papal claims to temporal supremacy. In 777 Charlemagne made an expedition against the Saracens in Spain. He was victorious, but on the return march across the Pyrenees the rear of his army was attacked by the Gascons and Basqu
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