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第四章 Europe in the Middle Ages 中世纪的 (第24/42页)
ly, corrupt practices in papal elections. Nicholas now restricts the choice of a new pope to a conclave of cardinals, thus ruling out any direct lay influence. Imperial influence is his clear target. ??In 1061 the assembled bishops of Germany–the emperor’s own faction–declare all the decrees of this pope null and void. Battle is joined. But meanwhile the pope has been enlisting new allies. ??In 1059 Nicholas II takes two political steps of a kind, unusual at this period, which will later be commonplace for the medieval papacy. He grants land, already occupied, to recipients of his own choice; and he involves those recipients in a feudal relationship with the papacy, or the Holy
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