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第四章 Europe in the Middle Ages 中世纪的 (第27/42页)
ire, after the first dramatic flare up between Gregory and Henry Ⅳ, but also in France and England. ??Rome and the struggle for power: AD 1076–1138 ??The nine–year struggle between pope Gregory VII and the emperor Henry IV provides a vivid glimpse of the political role of the medieval papacy. St Gregory, canonized in the Catholic Reformation, is one of the great defenders of papal power. His career involves incessant power–broking and military struggle. ??Henry IV, alarmed at the demands being made over investiture, sends a threatening letter to the pope in 1076. The pope responds by excommunicating the emperor. By his public penance at Canossa, Henry has the excommunicatio
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